This chapter discusses the relationships between formative and summative assessments—both in the classroom and externally. In addition to teachers, site-and district-level administrators and decision ...

1 What’s Really Different? A group of second-grade students were engaged in an animated discussion. Their teacher had brought in some colorful ears of corn she wanted to use to decorate their ...

Assessment is the process of collecting information for the purpose of making educational decisions. Paper and pencil tests traditionally have been used to assess students' factual knowledge of ...

Summative assessments evaluate learning at the end of a unit, course, or instructional period. While typically used to gauge final outcomes, these assessments can also serve formative purposes, ...

Students often draw upon a diverse set of prior understanding and experiences when attempting to explain phenomena. Formative assessment allows teachers to better understand students’ alternative ...