Getting a valve out of a vehicle isn’t too hard – it’s putting the new one in that requires more care. A typical commercial vehicle air braking system requires, at minimum, around a dozen core ...

Piezo elements are electromechanical transducers that convert mechanical forces (pressure, tensile stress or acceleration) into voltages. The inverse piezoelectric effect, precisely the opposite, ...

Equipment designers find that proportional control technology is ideal where precise performance is required in variable pressure or flow applications. Often perceived as more complicated than other ...

Identify the forces that act on closure components and actuators. Describe how these forces work in the positioning of closure components. Prepare equations required to determine an actuator (i.e.