The role magnets play in physics research is a critical one, helping guide the trajectory of particle beams that allow for high-speed collisions and groundbreaking discoveries. But not all magnets are ...

In 2016, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) approved the high-luminosity large hadron collider (HL-LHC) upgrade project. LHC is currently the largest and most powerful particle ...

This article deals with the study of the particle swarm optimization algorithm and its variants. After modeling the global system, a comparative study is carried out about the algorithms described in ...

GEM is a comprehensive electromagnetic gyrokinetic delta-f particle code that includes the full dynamics of gyrokinetic ions and drift-kinetic electrons. Magnetic perturbations perpendicular to the ...