8 predict qualitatively how the value of an electrode potential, E, varies with the concentration of the aqueous ions 9 use the Nernst equation, e.g. E = E⦵ + (0.059/z) log [oxidised species]/[reduced ...

The Nernst Equation is crucial in the evolution of electrochemical devices like batteries; however, it only applies when there is no current flow. There is presently no theory that can quantitatively ...