Testing products on animals became an industry standard in the cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries nearly a century ago. Since that time, it has become clear that these tests cause ...

Animal models are established, important tools for preclinical safety and efficacy testing. Companies are advancing more “humanized” models to better reflect human responses, while at the same time ...

Since genetic engineering has the potential to alter the uses to which domestic animals are put, it also can lead to fundamental changes in the relationship between (1) individuals of the same species ...